ENGLISH LEARNING

ENGLISH LEARNING
English is the international language. Most of people in the world use English. In Indonesia, it is foreign language and many people study about it. They are study English because it is very important to get job. Nowadays, people will be accepted in their job if they can speak English.
Most of university in Indonesia and enementary school until senior high school has an English subject in their learning. In English learning process, it is not easy because people who teach English must abel to make the student interest with English.
Teacher must abel to makes the student enjoy and interest because it is can make student more easy to understand anything about English. In this way, there are some techniques and principles in language teaching.

a. DESUGGESTOPEDIA
Desugestopedia is the one of teaching method, mostly in foreign language learning. In this method, the teacher more active to gives explanation and example and the student follow the teacher.

1. Characteristics
• A desuggestopedic course is conducted in a classroom
• The media are poster, music and short dialogue
• Poster changes every few weeks
• Translation
2. Learners and teachers roles
• The teachers is the authority in the classroom
• The student can feel more secure and they can be more spontaneous and less inhibited
3. Advantages
• We can learn to trust the power of the mind
• We also learn that induced states of relaxation can be valuable at times in the classroom.
• We can also get benefit from the use of music
4. Disadvantages
• Wasting time
• The teacher must active to get new material

b. AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD
The audio lingual method was started in the 1940 as language training for world war II troops, who needed quick training for basic communication.

1. Types of learning techniques and activities :
• Dialog memorization
• Dictation
• Flashcard
• Some kinds of drills
• Use of minimal pairs
• The alphabet game
2. Learners and teachers roles
• The teacher
Directing and controlling the language behaviour of the students
Responsible for providing the student with a good model for immitation
• The student
Follow and respond the teacher’s directions
3. Goal
• Student be able to use the target language communicatively
4. Advantages
• Good pronounciation
• Hearing the language
• Conventient
5. Disadvantages
• Limited in subject matter
• Need additional written materials
• Boring and unsatisfying

c. DIRECT METHOD
Direct Method is a method of teaching a foreign language with minimal use of the student’s nativ language and of formal grammar. It is also called as natural method because it uses naturalistic principles of language learning.

1. Characteristics
• Classroom instruction was conducted exclusively in the target language
• Only everyday vocabularies and sentences were taught
• Oral communication skills
• Grammar was taught inductively
• New teaching point
• Concerete vocabulary
• Speech and listening
2. Advantages
• Good pronunciation
• Get more experience in speaking foreign language
• Trained to speak in foreign language well
3. Disadvantages
• Teaching and learning process will be passive if the teacher can not motivate the student to participate the class discussion
• It is hard to applied in Indonesia since several teachers are not expert in speaking English


d. COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING
Community Language Learning is an approach in which students work together to develope what aspects of a language they would like to learn.

1. Characteristics
• The student decide topics
• Teacher translates
• Teachers
• are clients
• Learning is inductive
2. Roles
• Tape recording
• Transcription
• Raflection on experience
• Reflective listening
3. Advantages
• Student interesting with it
• Student independence
• Student learn inductive techniques
• Non threatening
4. Disadvantages
• Time wasted
• Students have mix of languages



Sources : H. Douglas Brown (Principles of Language Learning and Teaching )
Richards, Jack C. And Theodore S. Rodgers (Approaches and Methods in language teaching)
Larsen, Diane and Freeman (Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching)

GENRE OF THE TEXTS

GENRE OF THE TEXTS
A.EXPOSITION (ANALYTICAL)
Social Function
To persuade the reader or listener that somethings the case.
Generic Structure
Thesis
Position : Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
Preview : Outlines the main arguments to be presented.
Arguments
Point : restates main arguments outlined in preview.
Elaboration : developes and supports each argument
Reorientation
Restates the writer’s position.
Features
Focus on generic human and non-human participants.
Use of simple present tense.
Use of internal conjunction to state argument.

B.EXPOSITION (HORTATORY)
Social Function
To persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not be the case.
Generic Structure
Thesis
Announcement of issue concern.
Arguments
Reasons for concern, leading to recommendation.
Recommendation
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen.
Features
Focus on generic human and non-human participants.
Use of simple present tense

C.NEWS ITEM
Social Function
To inform raeders, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure
Newsworthy events
Recounts the event in summary form
Background events
Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance.
Sources
Comments by participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.
Features
Focus on circumstances.
Use of present tense

D.ANECDOTE
Social Function
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
Generic Structure
Abstract
Signals the retelling of an unsual incident.
Orientation
Sets the scence.
Crisis
Provides details of the unusual incident.
Reaction
Reaction to crises.
Coda
Optional-reflection on or evaluation of the incident.
Features
Use of temporal conjunction.
Use of material processes to tell what happened.

E.NARRATIVE
Social Function
To amuse entertain and to deal with actual or various experience.
Generic Structure
Orientation
Sets the scene and introduces the participants.
Evaluation
A stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Complication
A crisis areas.
Resolution
S crisis is reserved for better or worse.
Re-orientation
Optional.
Features
Focus on specific and usualy individualized participants.
Use past tense.

F.PROCEDURE
Social function
To describe how something is accomplished throgh a sequence of action or steps.
Generic structure
Goal
Materials (not required for all procedural)
Features
Focus on generalized human agents.
Use of simple present tense.

G.DESCRIPTION
Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing.
Generic Structure
Identification
Identifies phenomenon to be described.
Description
Describes parts, qualities, characteristics.
Festures
Focus on specific participants.
Use of simple present tense.

H.REVIEW
Social Function
To critique an art work, event for a public audience.
Generic Structure
Orientation
Places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it with others of its kind or through analogue with a non-art object or event.
Interperative recount
Summaries the plot and/ or provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being is optional but if present, often recursive.
Evaluation
Provides an evaluation of the work and/ or its performance or production is usually recursive.
Evaluative Summation
Providers a kind of punchline which sums up the reviewer’s opinion of the art event as a whole is optional.
Features
Focus on particular participants.
Use of elaborating and extending clauses and group complexes to package the information.

I.RECOUNT
Social Function
To retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
Generic Structure
Orientation
Provides the setting and introduces participants.
Events
Tell what happened, in what sequence.
Re-orientation
Optional closura of events.
Features
Focus on specific participants.
Use of past tense.
Focus on temporal sequence.

J.REPORT
Social Function
To describe the way things are, with references to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena in our environment.
Generic Structure
General classification
Tells what the phenomenon under discussion is.
Description
Tells what the phenomenon under discussion is like in terms of parts, qualities, habit or behaviour.
Features
Focus on generic participants.
Use of simple present tense.

K.DISCUSSION
Socisl Function
To present two points of view about an issue.
Generic Structure
Issue
.statement
.preview
Arguments for and against
Conclusion or recommendation
Features
Focus on generic human and generic non-human participations.
Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns.
Use of comparative.

L.EXPLANATION
Social Function
To explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or sociocultural phenomena.
Generic Structure
General Statement
To position the reader.
Sequenced exlanation
How or why something occurs.
Conclusion
Features
Focus on generic human, non-human participants.
Some use passive voice.

READING TECHNIQUES

READING TECHNIQUES
A.SKIMMING
Skimming is used to quickly gather the most important information. Run your eyes over the text. When you read newspaper, you’re probably not reading it word by word, instead you scanning the text.
Examples of skimming:
Magazine
The Newspaper

B.SCANNING
Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary. You search for key words or ideas.
Scanning is used to find a particular piece of information. Run your eyes over the text looking for the specific piece of information you need.
Examples of scanning :
Airplane schedule
A conference guide

sources : Jeremy Harmer (Longman)